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RES - Relativistic Orbital Model 1

#resorbital1 Chapter 1, Hydrogen : https://lnkd.in/ecPXyrPx Introduction to a general relativistic orbital model using hydrogen as a basic example. The atomic radius of hydrogen is 53 pm. In the relativistic orbital model presented here for the first time, all possible paths for the hydrogen electron have the same length, which can be easily calculated by multiplying the atomic radius by the square root of 2. This results in a uniform orbital path length of 74.95 pm for the electron, which can be easily verified in the case of the red and blue semicircular arcs, and which can be proven in the case of the two related curves of the transparent belt structure by peeling off the curves from the uniform transformation sphere by the radius of 53 pm. The electron may be inside or outside the orbital boundaries shown here. The Lorentz transformation, the rotation around the nucleus (n) and the translation relative to the nucleus (n) form a relativistic group of transformations, also known as the Poincaré group. This explains the basic features of the relativistic orbital model presented here. #resorbital1 #hydrogen #poincarégroup #chemestry #naturalscience #quantummechanics #atom #electron #excellence for #thewörld from #theländ www.res-institute.com

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RES - Relativistic Orbital Model 2

#resorbital2 Chapter 2, Water : https://lnkd.in/ePeqiuNP 10 electrons are participating in relativistic orbits. The fundamental importance of water for life on Earth is based on its versatile properties. These physical, chemical, electrical and optical properties depend on the molecular structure and the resulting bonds and interactions between the water molecules. A polar atomic bond is defined as a chemical bond in which the atoms involved carry partial charges due to their different electronegativities, which are 3.44 for oxygen and 2.2 for hydrogen. In the case of water, this difference results in a bipolar molecule consisting of one negatively charged oxygen atom and two positively charged hydrogen atoms, where the bond between oxygen and hydrogen is not strong enough to form a strong covalent ionic bond. As a member of the sixth main group of the periodic table, oxygen has six outer electrons. While the two hydrogen atoms oppose each other by an angle of 104,5 degrees a distinction is made between linear hydrogen bonds, with a bond angle of 180 degrees, and non-linear hydrogen bonds, with a bond angle of 180 ± 20 degrees, which form a tetrahedral network. The typical length of a hydrogen bond is 0.18 nm. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for a number of important properties of water. These include the liquid state of aggregation under normal conditions, cohesion, the relatively high boiling point and the density anomaly of water. Van der Waals forces act between the water molecules, giving water its remarkable properties by constantly breaking up and reassembling the molecular clusters. For example, water is a liquid at temperatures above freezing and solidifies into ice at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, when six water molecules form a ring through hydrogen bonds and form a cubic ice structure at temperatures below -22 degrees Celsius. During evaporation, the hydrogen bonds must be broken, which explains the high energy required to convert liquid water to vapour at 100 degrees Celsius compared to other substances. #resorbital2 #H2O #chemestry #naturalscience #quantummechanics #atom #electron #hybridorbital #hybridization #excellence for the #thewörld from #theländ www.res-institute.com

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RES - Relativistic Orbital Model 3

#resorbital3 Chapter 3, When Water Turns to Ice: https://lnkd.in/eb74vzwj Dear friends, colleagues and well-wishers of the RES Institute, As the year draws to a close, I would like to thank you all for your support and continued interest in our team's publications. 2024 has been a very fruitful and productive year, with ambitious projects ranging from nuclear fusion to a completely new relativistic orbital model. Today I wish you and your loved ones a peaceful and reflective time for the upcoming festive season. At the turn of the year, I send you my best wishes for a New Year filled with health, happiness and fulfillment. Your F. Grimm #resorbital3 #icecrystal #superconductivety #chemestry #naturalscience #quantummechanics #atom #electron #hybridorbital #hybridization #excellence for the #thewörld from #theländ www.res-institute.com

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RES - Relativistic Orbital Model 4

#resorbital4 Chapter 4 : The four Hybrid Orbitals of Methane : https://lnkd.in/e_CQjwkt The animated model shows a general approach to hybrid orbitals based on chained ring oscillations. Each of the semicircular arcs in blue and red represents a plane in which the electron induces a magnetic field by moving at a speed of 2200 km/h. The example of methane shows how the four electrons of a carbon atom flow together with the electrons of four hydrogen atoms in hybrid orbitals. Each of the four hybrid orbitals consists of six semicircular arcs of equal radius. Three of the arcs are in the immediate vicinity of the carbon atom's nucleus, while the remaining three are close to the hydrogen atom's nucleus. These arcs are connected to each other in a common plane in which the direction of the centripetal force exerted on the electrons undergoes a sudden change of 90 degrees at each of the six points of connection between the arcs in this plane. This results in a torque being exerted on the angular momentum axis of the electrons, initiating a transition from an upward spin to a downward spin. As a consequence of the mirror symmetry of the four hybrid orbitals with respect to the angular momentum plane, the induced magnetic forces are mutually cancelling, thereby ensuring that the methane molecule exerts no forces on its atomic or molecular environment. The offset of the momentum planes of the hybrid orbitals, at 109.5 degrees, gives rise to the tetrahedral structure that is characteristic of methane. The final sequence of the animation illustrates how the four electron crowns of methane each come together in a ring vibration with six periods, thereby orbiting both the nucleus of the carbon atom and the nucleus of the hydrogen atom, and undergoing a change in direction of rotation six times each. The hybrid orbitals, which are based on the structural form of a double helix, represent a fundamental aspect of carbon chemistry. As a relativistic orbital model, the generally valid orbital model built from spheres and fractals of spheres has implications that extend beyond the field of carbon chemistry. It is situated at the center of a unified theory that encompasses all disciplines of natural science. #resorbital4 #chemestry #naturalscience #quantummechanics #atom #electron #hybridorbital #hybridization #excellence for the #thewörld from #theländ www.res-institute.com

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RES - Relativistic Orbital Model 5

#resorbital5 Chapter 5, Benzene : https://lnkd.in/ez3k8bdM Ladies and gentlemen, the Res Institute is proud to present a relativistic orbital model using benzene as an example. Shown is the benzene ring with six mobile electrons corresponding to the molecular formula C6H6. Benzene is the parent compound of the aromatic hydrocarbons. The colorless liquid has a characteristic sweet, aromatic odor; it is highly flammable and burns with a strong, sooty flame; it is nonpolar and miscible with many organic solvents, but hardly with water; the scientific discussion about the structure of benzene played a central role in the development of the theory of organic chemistry. According to legend, the German chemist and chemistry professor August Kekulé had a dream in 1865 in which a snake bit in its tail. The mystical image of the Ouroboros thus marks the beginning of hydrocarbon chemistry in Germany, and Kekulé's structure was the first to take into account the experimental finding that all carbon atoms in benzene are equivalent. Friedrich August Kekulé, from 1895 Kekule von Stradonitz, (* September 7, 1829 in Darmstadt; † July 13, 1896 in Bonn) was a German chemist and natural scientist who laid the foundations for the modern structural theory of organic chemistry. #resorbital5 #chemestry #naturalscience #quantummechanics #atom #electron #hybridorbital #hybridization #benzene #hydrocarbonates #excellence for the #thewörld from #theländ www.res-institute.com

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RES - Relativistic Orbital Model 6

#resorbital6 Chapter 6, Graphene : https://lnkd.in/edR67HE4 The fundamental importance of graphene as a revolutionary material in modern science and technology is based on its intrinsic properties. These physical, chemical, electrical, mechanical, and structural properties depend on its molecular structure and the resulting bonds and interactions between the carbon atoms within the graphene sheet. A covalent bond is defined as a chemical bond in which the atoms involved share electrons to achieve stability. In graphene, this concept is realized through a network of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three neighboring carbon atoms through sigma bonds, forming a continuous planar structure. The carbon-carbon bond lengths in graphene are approximately 1.42 Å, slightly shorter than typical single bonds due to the partial double-bond character arising from delocalization. As a member of the second period of the periodic table, carbon atoms in graphene utilize sp² hybridization. Each carbon atom forms three sp² hybrid orbitals, which overlap with the sp² orbitals of adjacent carbon atoms to create the sigma bonds responsible for the structural integrity of the graphene lattice. The unhybridized p orbitals on each carbon atom are perpendicular to the plane of the sheet and overlap to form an extensive π electron system. This delocalization of π electrons extends across the entire graphene sheet, endowing it with remarkable electronic and thermal conductivity. #resorbital6 #graphene #superconductivety #chemestry #naturalscience #quantummechanics #atom #electron #hybridorbital #hybridization #excellence for the #thewörld from #theländ www.res-institute.com